Human nature vs. Human condition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human instinct versus Human condition - Essay Example In any case, it should be noted here that everything that identifies with us is inbuilt. A few highlights that development our character are relying upon our past as opposed to having a logical foundation. Things that development the human condition are relationships, passings, fear based oppression, physical exercises like games and so forth which are not relevant to any logical thinking should be concentrated in an all the more humanly way. Considering people and the remainder of nature has concentrated on shared organic properties and ecological perspectives. (Levin, 9) The motivation behind why individuals befuddle these altogether different parts of human sciences is that these branches in spite of being very unique offer certain highlights which are very comparative with regards to human turn of events and development. It should be segregated here the contrast between those highlights that represent the human method of living as we take it to be and the sensible case that it ha s taken birthplace from the human nature.at times it is anything but difficult to separate. For example, cooking is a piece of one's regular action and in spite of the fact that it is so basic to us people we can in any case not consider to be a piece of our temperament in spite of the fact that it has a past yet at the same time the utensils, material and so on required to deliver food isn't inborn yet a creation. In like manner sports isn't something we were normally intrigued by or has a developmental history yet it is all the more a prerequisite of one's predominant conditions and wants. In any case, the issue emerges with certain issue that is very fascinating for even specialists on account of their commanding organic nature. The logician I might want to specify here are Thomas Hobbes and Plato who both in their unmistakable way have added to spread this hypothesis. In spite of the fact that The relational structures of humankind, the beginning of social request can't be passe d on from a philosophical point of view (Klein and Sitling, 191) In Hobbes book Leviathan he gives an extremely nitty gritty investigation about the human condition. In this book he tells that our inner wants, thought processes and conduct are all a direct result of the natural procedures that are occurring inside us. The decision among great and awful, good and bad is only the decision of the individual and his/her own inclinations. At the point when one isn't limited by society and is just liable to him then the goal of living blurs. In a characteristic environment one doesn't have to maintain equity or foul play yet can pick what he likes and disregard what isn't a piece of his cognizant decision o0r sick for his reality. Evidently the image Thomas Hobbes attempted to draw was genuinely unclear with no common sense in itself. He accepted that the people didn't require good or moral qualities to endure. There was no space for equity, decency, trust, uniformity and so forth which a re such temperances without which a general public can never flourish. For example if the individuals comprising a general public have just wants of fundamental necessities like food and so on then the one in force and predominance based on his position would mistreat the one underneath denying the abused one of his essential necessities. The purpose for such portrayal was not to depict a terrifying kind of a delineation however was intentionally founded on the morals of society. For example if today we are bound to ethical quality, worth and standards it is only in light of the fact that we have an awareness of other's expectations and certain imbued regard for others which we have gained from our environmental factors. On the off chance that these qualities evaporate and people are not obligated to other people, at that point a situation will be made that would be liberated from equity with slaughter and unfairness all over. Moreover a situation would be made that w

Analysis of Local Government Finances in Multan District

Examination of Local Government Finances in Multan District Theoretical Open money manages the budgetary administration of open elements. This paper gives a review of the budgetary undertakings of neighborhood administration of area Multan and distinguishes issues looked by the frameworks to convey productively and successfully. It likewise features regions or improvement and chances to subsidize these exercises. The area government intensely depends on the common awards and has extremely constrained self produced income. In spite of the fact that it is mindful to oversee different foundations of social administrations and do formative exercises in the locale, its dependence on commonplace awards put forth its attempt less powerful. TMA then again have huge income age and utilize this to further their potential benefit and work with self-sufficiency. Anyway they despite everything depend on common awards for any formative exercises. The stale business procedure and obstacles in the legitimate structure likewise contribute essentially towards the in produ ctivity of the frameworks. There are arrangements that can help pivot the circumstance however it needs a genuine exertion on part the common and nearby government. Mechanization and lawful changes could cover a ton of issues. They would expand effectiveness as well as would help abridge defilement at different levels. Anyway solid political could change the scene by and large. An extensive procedure was embraced in gathering optional information through authentic reports, layout and gatherings with authorities. Region Multan was picked because of its significance exceptionally in the current political arrangement and dependent on accommodation. Presentation In spite of some humble accomplishments, the financial and social advancement in Pakistan has been a long way from palatable during the last over five many years of freedom. Normal yearly development pace of 6.8, 4.8, 6.5 and 4.6% (Government of Pakistan, 2003) individually in the times of 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s isn't tantamount with the quick monetary advancement made by South Korea, Malaysia, China and numerous different nations which were at first at about a similar degree of financial turn of events (or even underneath) as that of Pakistan. The exhibition on social pointers has been gloomier. Regardless of normal figures for financial development, numerous nations like Vietnam and Cuba have had the option to destroy lack of education and have accomplished wellbeing insights similar with created nations (Zaidi, 2000). Pakistan despite everything positions at the last part of social improvement positioning. Pakistan is additionally a signatory to the Millennium Declaration, a milestone occasion indicating duty of political, corporate and common society administration to dispense with outrageous appetite and destitution and to improve training, wellbeing, sexual orientation and condition circumstance through worldwide associations for advancement. An investigation of the advancement accomplished on accomplishing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) shows that the exhibition of Pakistan has not been important in the time of 90s. There has been a progressive assembly of assessment among all partners à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" government, common society just as universal advancement accomplices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that the disappointment in social segments is an immediate result of the emergency of administration and full scale monetary irregular characteristics. Further, there is a wide accord that administration can't be improved without an important devolution of power to utilitarian levels an d without guaranteeing people groups cooperation in dynamic procedures at all levels. This partner agreement gave the essential driving force to the current government to present its devolution changes imagined in 2000 and propelled all the while in all territories of Pakistan through presentation of Local Government Ordinances in 2001. Until the declaration of Local Government Ordinances, the chosen nearby government levels had a shaky presence relying on the desire of the common governments. Commonly these future broke down and un-chose directors selected. Working under the ambit of Local government Ordinances of 1979, there were urban and country neighborhood chambers. While urban neighborhood chambers comprised of Metropolitan/Municipal Corporations and Municipal/Town boards of trustees, the provincial committees were called District Councils and Union Councils. Generally the nearby committees in Pakistan have performed metropolitan capacities like water gracefully, sanitation, strong waste administration, putting out fires, upkeep of butcher houses, advancement of dairy cattle markets, fairs and presentations and road lighting. They additionally had changing jobs in essential and preventive human services, maternal and kid wellbeing, advancement of education and provincial framework improvement. Devolution changes in Pakistan, presented by the proclamation of Local Government Ordinances of 2001 have given a 3-level nearby government framework comprising of District Government (DG), Tehsil/Town Municipal Administration (TMA) and Union Administrations (UA). Working under the course and control of chose boards and Nazims, the current nearby government framework endeavors to make establishments and components for open support in structure, the board, observing and control of social help conveyance. A significant number of the capacities recently performed by the neighborhood workplaces of commonplace government offices currently unmistakably fall inside the area of DGs. These changes are expected to build nearby governments duty regarding proficient and viable social and metropolitan administrations conveyance. Metropolitan capacities with a more extensive degree are being completed by Town Municipal Administrations and City District Governments (built up at first in common home office however along these lines in chosen large urban communities also). Access to sufficient assets for the nearby governments is currently viewed as basic. Extra financial space is required for improved allotments for the social part just as framework advancement. These assets are additionally required to meet the social shortfalls that have gathered over the past because of deficient financing combined with low use in social segments. Devolution changes, as initially considered and enunciated, visualized enormous scope monetary decentralization to follow the authoritative and political decentralization. While a monetary relationship has been manufactured between the area and the areas, a broad redesign of assets has not occurred and the vertical budgetary lopsidedness remains set up with the major money related assortments being made at the government (and to a lesser degree at the common) level. Then again, the administration arrangement has fallen at the DG level where the assessment base and assortment potential is the most reduced. Politeness: Decentralization Support Program, Role Book: 4-day workshop for chose nearby leadershipResultantly, the greatest test confronting the neighborhood committees in Pakistan (which are progressively enabled today and have a more extensive extent of capacities than at any other time) is to guarantee steady, solid and secure systems of moves from common governments and to grow own source incomes so as to offer productive and powerful assistance conveyance as conceived in devolution changes. Open Financeã‚â is that piece of money which floats around the focal inquiry of assignment of assets exposed to the spending requirement of the legislature or open substances. It is that part of financial matters which recognizes and evaluates the methods and impacts of the arrangements of the administration. Open part account attempts to analyze the impacts and results of various kinds of tax assessment and consumptions on the financial operators (people, establishments, associations, and so forth.) of the general public and eventually on the whole economy. Open fund likewise investigates the adequacy of the strategies focused on specific targets and therefore to the advancement of systems and methods for expanding the viability of the approach (Economy Watch, 2010). Writing Review A great part of the utilitarian independence of the neighborhood governments relies on their capacity to raise the necessary assets from their own sources and to get the equalization from the commonplace/national government through predictable and guaranteed instruments. This requires not just formulating institutional instruments for equation and rules based financial exchanges yet additionally investigating income possibilities of neighborhood own source incomes. These own source incomes can be as duties and expenses for administrations gave. It is very amazing that in spite of the centrality of this, not many neighborhood contemplates have been completed to look at the asset capability of the nearby bodies in Pakistan. Neediness Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) of Pakistan, figured after impressive discussion and contribution from every single significant partner, concedes that the nearby governments rely fundamentally on financial exchanges from commonplace governments and perceives the requirement for neighborhood income assembly as a significant action for the manageability of nearby government framework. Variables saturated with political economy and world class structures have affected neighborhood income age choices. Howe and Reeb (1997) leading an overview of the neighborhood charge framework in USA since the frontier times have discovered that financial and political contemplations have impacted the expense frameworks. Winged animal (2000) gives the attractive attributes of a nearby assessment. In the first place, the duty base ought to be moderately stationary so nearby governments can shift the rates without losing a huge segment of the base. Second, the expense yield ought to be sufficient to meet the neighborhood needs, increment additional time as use increments, and be moderately steady and unsurprising. Third, the assessment ought to be one that isn't anything but difficult to fare to non occupants. Fourth, the expense base ought to be noticeable to guarantee responsibility. Fifth, the citizens ought to see the expense to be sensibly reasonable. 6th, the expense ought to be sensibly simple to direct. As indicated by Bird (1999), universal experience

SIPA Facultys New Book is Out COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Facultys New Book is Out COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Dr. Stephen Sestanovich, a professor of international diplomacy and a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and the United States ambassador-at-large for the former Soviet Union from 1992 to 2001, has a new book out.   He joined SIPAs faculty in the fall of 2001 as the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Diplomacy.   Professor Sestanovich is also the director of the  International Fellows Program.   He currently teaches the “US Role in World Affairs” course at SIPA. Professor Sestanovichs new book, Maximalist: America in the World from Truman to Obama looks at sweep of U.S. foreign policy since 1940s.   It upends the accepted notions of widely known events and shows how personalities can play as important a role as events in creating policies. Sestanovich argues that, “there is much to learn from the history of American foreign policy, but that we can’t learn it from the sepia-tinted versions of the past that have dominated public discussion in recent years.” SIPA will host an event in recognition of Professor Sestanovich and Maximalist on March 26 at 6 p.m. in the International Affairs Building. Read more about Maximalist at knopfdoubleday.com For Stephen Sestanovich’s complete biography, click here.

Electron Configuration Chart

The electron configuration  of an atom of any element is the of electrons per  sublevel of the energy levels of an atom in its ground state.  This handy chart compiles the electron configurations of the elements up through number 104. How to Determine Electron Configuration To arrive at the electron configurations of atoms, you must know the order in which the different sublevels are filled. Electrons enter available sublevels in order of their increasing energy. A sublevel is filled or half-filled before the next sublevel is entered. For example, the  s  sublevel can only hold two electrons, so the 1s  is filled at helium (1s2). The  p  sublevel can hold six electrons, the  d  sublevel can hold 10 electrons, and the  f  sublevel can hold 14 electrons. The common shorthand notation is to refer to the noble gas core, rather than write out the entire configuration. For example, the configuration of magnesium could be written [Ne]3s2, rather than writing out 1s22s22p63s2. Electron Configuration Chart No. Element K L M N O P Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s s p s p d s p d f s p d f s p d f s 1 H 1 2 He 2 3 Li 2 1 4 Be 2 2 5 B 2 2 1 6 C 2 2 2 7 N 2 2 3 8 O 2 2 4 9 F 2 2 5 10 Ne 2 2 6 11 Na 2 2 6 1 12 Mg 2 2 6 2 13 Al 2 2 6 2 1 14 Si 2 2 6 2 2 15 P 2 2 6 2 3 16 S 2 2 6 2 4 17 Cl 2 2 6 2 5 18 Ar 2 2 6 2 6 19 K 2 2 6 2 6 - 1 20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 - 2 21 Sc 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5* 1 25 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1* 30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3 34 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4 35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 37 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 1 38 Sr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 2 39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 40 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4* 1 42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1 43 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 6 1 44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1 45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 1 46 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 0* 47 Ag 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 48 Cd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 49 In 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1 50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3 52 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4 53 I 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 55 Cs 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 1 56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 2 57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2* 2 6 - - 2 59 Pr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 - - 2 60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 - - 2 61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 - - 2 62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 66 Dy 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 67 Ho 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 68 Er 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 69 Tm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 70 Yb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 71 Lu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 72 Hf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 73 Ta 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 - 2 74 W 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 - 2 75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 - 2 76 Os 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 - 2 77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 - 2 78 Pt 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 - 1 79 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 1 80 Hg 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 81 Tl 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 1 - - 82 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 2 - - 83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 3 - - 84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 4 - - 85 At 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 5 - - 86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 87 Fr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 1 88 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 2 89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 90 Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 2 - 2 91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2* 2 6 1 - 2 92 U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 - 2 93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 - 2 94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 97 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 99 Es 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 100 Fm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 101 Md 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 102 No 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 103 Lr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 104 Rf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 * note the irregularity You may also view the electron configurations of the elements on a printable periodic table  if desired.

Influence Of Organizational Behavior On Accounting...

Article #2 Abstract. The article reviewed was The Influence of Roles and Organizational Fit on Accounting Professionals’ Perceptions of their Firms’ Ethical Environment. The key of the abstract is to emphasize the influence of organizational behavior on accounting professionals and their ethical behavior (p. 125). Introduction. The authors study reasons of potential discrepancies between leaders and non-leaders of accounting firms. The firm’s ethical norms directly influence the behavior of its members. The researchers state that it is important to identify and understand the factors that affect ethical norms in the organization (p. 125). The firm’s leaders should play a meaningful role in building and supporting the ethical environment. The main objective of research is to analyze motives of perceptions’ inconsistencies in of the ethical setting between the management, partners, and other accounting professionals of the firm. The study is important through its investigations of influential factors of ethical standards on perceptions of accounting firm’s members, and in reducing the gap between partners and non-leaders of the CPA firm. The authors consider two problems of the study: greater ownership interest promotes the decision leadership in the company, and lack of non-leaders participation in modeling the firm ethical environment (p. 126). Literature Review. The authors use a systematic review of literature in the research. The researchers examine the study of VictorShow MoreRelatedRole Of Corporate Ethics On Financial Performance945 Words   |  4 PagesStudy of Financial Professionals and Implications for the Financial Meltdown. The key of the abstract is to demonstrate the influence of corporate ethics on financial performance. The financial meltdown negatively influenced top management mindset regarding professional ethics (p. 15). Introduction. The authors study 2008 collapse of financial system to analyze the link between organizational values, social responsibility, and financial performance. Accounting and legal professionals argue that theRead MoreThe Ethical Framework Of Accounting897 Words   |  4 PagesBusinesses, investors, creditors rely on accounting ethics. The accounting profession requires honesty, consistency with industry standards, and compliance with laws and regulations. The ethics increase the responsibility and integrity of accounting professionals, and public trust. The ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the failure of fundamental ethical framework, such as off-balance sheet transactionsRead MoreEssay Business Ethics in Accounting1034 Words   |  5 Pagesinappropriate decision making and judgments by the professionals. 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Organizational cultures facilitate the existence of a common groundRead More Cultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper1361 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Values and Personal Ethics Paper Personal, organizational, and cultural values are the basis of an individuals personal and professional decision-making style. These values are the key ingredients that make up our core beliefs. Values are ideas that are actions which could be right or wrong, good or bad that are the basis of human action (Tosi 2000). Personal values might also be called morality, since they reflect general expectations of any person in any society, acting in any capacity

Adolf Hitler As Modern History s Ultimate Monster

When referring to Adolf Hitler, one’s mind undoubtedly ventures to his leadership of the Nazi Party during World War II and his execution of the Holocaust against Europe’s Jewish population. He is, without doubt, one of the most powerful and evil leaders of the twentieth century. Through investigating his background, his rise to power, the details of his political party, and the events for which he was responsible, one is able to conclude that Adolf Hitler can be viewed as modern history’s ultimate monster. A crucial element to fully understanding Adolf Hitler is to understand his early life through examining his family, education, and aspirations. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, which happened to be Easter Sunday. He was born in Braunau, a small town in Austria along the Inn River, a border that divided the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire. As a child, Hitler faced a turbulent home life, much of which can be contributed to the behaviors of his father. Alois Hitler, Adolf’s father, was a womanizer who had a long history of sexual relations and illegitimate children. Born illegitimately himself, by the time Alois met Karla Pà ¶lzl, the mother of Adolf Hitler, he already had three illegitimate children and several sexual partners, including two wives. Alois Hitler was not only a womanizer, but he was also incredibly violent. Adolf’s older brother, Alois Jr., fled his household when he was fourteen as a result of the violence of his father. According toShow MoreRelatedThe Nazi Regime Of The Weimar Republic And The Creation Of A Terror State2236 Words   |  9 PagesOn 30th January 1933, through ruthless determination, Adolf Hitler became Germany s 24th Chancellor, bringing the totalitarian Nazi party into power and creating a fascist Nazi State. Ultimately this led to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the creation of a terror state, in which the German society was forced to conform to the regime due to the excessive use of violence, fear, and intimidation. The Nazi regime created various economic benefits, which served to disguise the detrimental effectsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M

Future Generation Computer Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Future Generation Computer Systems. Answer: Introduction: The researchers evaluated the kind of security risks for computers and the factors that determine the probability that the computer security could be compromised; the authors aimed at understanding the factors that determine the probability that a computer node within the network is compromised (1). The authors, being professionals in various institutions of higher learning and research, undertake a a primary research approach using a case study to identify and validate different types of threats in a typical university IT network (2). The researchers established that the probability a computer node within a network is comprised is largely dependent on the set of reachable services that are running on the host (computer). The authors found that several attacks take advantage of specific network services vulnerabilities to bypass authentication requirements and gain access to the system. Further, it was established that some malware can scan for services autonomously to identify possi ble targets or open ports actively after infecting a network. (3). The proposed novel approach to identify and then quantify individual computers susceptibility to cyber threats with respect to the network services being run on these computers can help organizations map their threats and manage risks (4). The main drawback of the research is that by being a case study, it cannot be easily replicated and so the findings may not be universally applicable (5) The research reviews and classifies the security threats for information systems, premised on the fact that as more organizations use data and information in information systems, there are significant threats to these systems (1). The authors are eminent professionals in their various ICT fields, including software engineering, network engineering, and security and are senior members of faculty in various institutions of higher learning (2). Using analytical methods; the authors sought to develop a new model of classifying identified security threats broadly into internal and external threats. The classification is based on the threat sources and their impacts (3). The authors develop a new model that classifies most information security system threats as either internal or external, which can be human, environmental, and technological threats. The threats can either be malicious or non-malicious (4). The drawback is that it reviews existing literature, despite developing a new model and does not provide effective solutions (5) In this paper, the authors take cognizance of the increased use of cloud computing; being a relatively new technology, it has some inherent risks that the authors investigate (1). The authors are professionals that are highly regarded in their various ICT fields, and are senior lecturers of higher education institutions (2). Using a descriptive analysis based on information systems and software engineering design, the paper identifies and evaluates some of the security threats in cloud computing environments and proposes solutions (3). The paper proposes the use of a trusted third party to assure security within the cloud environment, employing a public key infrastructure, as well as LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) and SSO (SINGLE Sign On) (4). The limitations of the study is that it is analytical and descriptive, and does not use primary or experimental methods to evaluate cloud security risks before developing solutions The use of mobile devices and networks is increasing, especially with the envisaged introduction of 5G networks, however there will be increased network security threats (1). The authors are well regarded and highly published and referenced professionals in their respective ICT fields, as well as contributors to ICT research and training (2). Using a comprehensive literature and research survey or recent works, the authors evaluate mobile SDN networks and their network security threats (3). The authors establish promising aspects that will ensure networks are better secured, using SDN in mobile networks, such as network hardening. Various SDN architectures are discussed (4). The research is exhaustive, but reviews past research rather than undertaking new progressive (primary) research The research focuses on the cloud and its security challenges and their solutions, considering the increased trend of more people using cloud platforms for computing (1). The authors are well regarded professionals with great expertise and understanding of their fields, including cloud security; they are also extensively published (2). Using an in depth literature survey, the authors evaluate some of the challenges of cloud platforms security (3). The authors establish that migrating ICT resources to third parties create and multiply security threats such as data loss and unauthorized access with proposed solutions being stronger authentication management, multiple cloud backups, and strong access APIs (4). The research limitation is in using surveys is that the authors are mainly re-writing research that has been done and not undertaking any new ground-breaking research. References: Gil, S., Kott, A., Barabsi, A.-L. (May 16, 2015). A genetic epidemiology approach to cyber-security. Scientific Reports, 4, 1.) Jouini, M., Rabai, L. B. A., Aissa, A. B. (January 01, 2014). Classification of Security Threats in Information Systems. Procedia Computer Science, 32, 489-496. Zissis, D., Lekkas, D. (March 01, 2012). Addressing cloud computing security issues. Future Generation Computer Systems, 28, 3, 583-592. Ali, S. T., Sivaraman, V., Radford, A., Jha, S. (January 01, 2015). A Survey of Securing Networks Using Software Defined Networking. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 64, 3, 1086-1097. Chen, M., Qian, Y., Mao, S., Tang, W., Yang, X. (October 01, 2016). Software-Defined Mobile Networks Security. Mobile Networks and Applications, 21, 5, 729-743.

Cartesian Dualism

Introduction Cartesian dualism is a philosophical concept that asserts mind and body are different entities in a person but they interact intricately for the proper functioning of a human being. Rene Descartes came up with the philosophical concept after establishing that, both material and immaterial worlds exist in a person. The mind constitutes the immaterial world while the body constitutes the material world and effective interaction of the two results into a rational being.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cartesian Dualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to dualism, the mind directs the body’s actions ; actually, Descartes observes that â€Å"sensation and perception involve states of the world affecting states of sense organs, which in turn affect the brain, which causes the mind to be in certain states† (Baker 6). Thus, the interaction of the mind and the body constitutes Cartesia n dualism, which is a landmark in philosophy. This essay examines the constituents of Cartesian Dualism before exploring arguments for and against the same. Dualism Dualism is the interaction of the mind and body as immaterial and material substances respectively. Descartes believes in the existence of both immaterial and material worlds that interact effectively in nature. As an illustration of the existence of immaterial and material substances in nature, Descartes uses human beings to explain the nature of mind and body. Descartes is concerned about â€Å"how the immaterial could interact with the material, and how the ‘extended’ substance of body could house the ‘unextended’ spirit called soul, resolved the problem of the incompatibility of the two entities by his dualism† (Baker 7). Prior to the Cartesian dualism, Greek philosophers held that, the mind and the body are unique and distinct entities that are incompatible. However, through his meth od of systemic doubt, Descartes argues that since his mind can doubt the existence of bodies in nature, it clearly proves that there is a link between the mind and material world. In sixth meditation, Descartes argues that understanding and imaginations emanate from the sensual perception of the material world, hence proves that there is distinction and connection of the mind and body. He holds that â€Å"the two components which constitute man had an independent origin and are of a fundamentally different nature †¦ the body could be divided up by the removal of a leg or an arm, but the soul was indivisible† (Hawthorn 88). The different attributes of the mind and body make the two different entities while their concerted functions make them complementary in defining the nature of human beings. Thus, dualism explains the interaction of the mind and body while acknowledging the fact that they are different entities in human being.Advertising Looking for essay on philo sophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his attempts to define his identity, Descartes realizes that there is complex association of mind and body that enables him to achieve reality on top of understanding his environment. He argues that since he has the capacity to think and doubt his existence, it obviously follows that he exists as a mind trying to comprehend the body. In order to ascertain his existence, Descartes came up with method of systemic doubt where according to Russell, â€Å"whatever he could bring himself to doubt, he would doubt, until he saw reason for not doubting it†¦by applying this method he gradually became convinced that the only existence of which he could be quite certain was his own† (11). Since he was certain of his existence because he had ability to think and doubt, Descartes discovered philosophical concept of dualism in human nature in that, the mind and body are two components that coe xist in a human being. According to Cartesian dualism, the mind and the body interact at the point of pineal body because it is the only gland in the brain that is not duplicate, which connects the body and the brain. Nagel argues that, â€Å"the body is extended matter: the soul is unextended spirit; when, however, the extended is acted upon by the unextended, some definite point of interaction is required and it is to be found in the pineal gland† (8). Descartes believes in mechanistic interaction of the mind and the body bringing about physical movement of the body and dictates the actions that human beings perform. Without the mind or ineffective interaction of the mind and body result into haphazard actions, hence proves that the mechanistic interaction is critical in defining the human nature. Out of all creatures in the universe, human being is a dualistic creature with ability to think and act accordingly unlike animals that act according to their instincts and stimul i of nature. Therefore, the dualistic nature of human beings enables them to coordinate their mind and actions appropriately. Anti-dualism Although Cartesian dualism supports that the mind and the body are different entities, none can exist without the other. The mind and the body are critical and complementary components that constitute human being and therefore, it is quite impossible to separate the two.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cartesian Dualism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether one believes that the mind is a substance or just a bundle of properties, the same challenge arises, which is to explain the nature of the unity of the immaterial mind† (Russell 26). It is practically impossible to combine or separate material substance and immaterial substance in nature. Separation or combination of material and immaterial substances is quite perplexing as they are incompatible. If the min d and the body are separate and independent entities, why should they interact in the human being? They should have separate and distinct entities that do not need to interact for them to sustain their existence. In Cartesian dualism, the mind exists because of the body and the body exists because of the mind. Critics of Cartesian dualism further argue that interaction of the mind and body is not testable in the laboratory; hence, they introduced theological concept asserting that divine power is responsible for the interaction. Baker argues that, â€Å"critics of dualism objected that if soul and body were substances of entirely different natures, interaction between them was in fact impossible† (12). The assumption that the mind and the body interact at the point of pineal gland is a mere coincidence as there are other unduplicated organs in the body or brain. Furthermore, there is no empirical evidence to prove that pineal body is the point that connects the mind and the b ody. The nature of the mind is very complex and mysterious for one to comprehend; it is incomprehensible for immaterial and material substance to interact at pineal gland. The problem of dualism lies in the assumption that the immaterial mind and material body can interact effectively at the point of pineal body. The assumption does not make scientific sense as no one can test immaterial substances in the laboratory because they are incompatible with material substances that human beings can perceive. Critics question therefore remains how can one perceive and measure immaterial substances. For causal relationships between the mind and the body to exist, dualists should demonstrate empirical and convincing experiment that ascertains the relationship. â€Å"It is not clear in what sense such stuff is immaterial, except in the sense that it cannot be integrated into the normal scientific account of the physical world †¦it is just an aberrant kind of physical stuff† (Hawtho rn 93). Therefore, due to lack of empirical evidences and parameters that can measure immaterial substances, many critics of dualism have attributed dualism to the efforts of divine power that control the universe.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Critical analysis of opposing arguments of dualism and anti-dualism shows that Descartes wins as he argues that thoughts and doubts concerning certain things in nature are sure proof of their existence. Since critics of dualism doubt the existence of immaterial mind, it definitely follows they doubt reality and existence of immaterial substances. Attributing dualism to influence of divine power by Descartes’ critics is not satisfactory because like immaterial substances, divine forces are not testable in the laboratory. Therefore, Cartesian dualism gives probable explanation of the distinction between human beings and animals. According to Cartesian dualism, human beings are dualistic creatures with the ability to think and act according to their thoughts, hence reaffirming their rational capacity. The critics of Cartesian dualism do have sufficient evidence to disapprove effective interaction between the mind and the body; therefore, Descartes’ argument tha t anything doubted is real for it elicits doubts in the first instance stands. Therefore, anyone who doubts Cartesian dualism doubts reality. Works Cited Baker, Gordon. â€Å"Cartesian Dualism: Mind Brain Interactions.† Philosophical Review  Journal 4.2 (1997): 1-34 Hawthorn, John. â€Å"Cartesian Dualism.† Australian Journal of Philosophy 63.7 (2006): 87-98. Nagel, Thomas. â€Å"Mind and Body Cartesian Dualism.† Philosophy, 2001: 1-11. Russell, Bertrand. Problems of Philosophy. New York: Feedbooks Publisher, 1970. This essay on Cartesian Dualism was written and submitted by user Lucille A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Foolish Love Essays - Frankie Laine Discography, Startup Cult

Foolish Love Essays - Frankie Laine Discography, Startup Cult Foolish Love Foolish Love Throughout my life I have behaved in many of foolish ways due to the emotion called love. Love is something I used to dream about as a child and have grown to fear as an adult. Every person feels differently about love, but because of David I hurt my parents, my self-esteem and ability to trust people. At the age of fourteen, I was not concerned with my parents feelings. I did exactly the opposite of what they told me to do and did not think about the consequences. When they found out I was dating a guy five years older than me they tried to prohibit me from seeing him again. I was in love so I made it possible to see David every time he wanted to see me. I would get my parents to drop me off somewhere like the movies or putt-putt and he would pick me up after they had left. I would sneak out of my bedroom window and meet David down the road. I did not care if my parents found out, all that mattered to me was seeing David. I blamed everything that went wrong in my life on them. If David did not call me one night, I would accuse them of taking the phone off the hook. If David was rude to me, I would claim it was because he knew they did not like him. I would do anything to ignore the fact that David did not love me. It took a while for my parents to forgive me. I can only imagine what I put them through. I just wanted to be loved by David so deeply, I hurt the people who actually loved me the most. Not only did I hurt my parents, I hurt my self-esteem to. I would constantly criticize myself by thinking the reason David left me was because I was not pretty enough for him. In my mind David was perfect and I was nothing without him. I blamed myself for being so young and immature when all along it was David who was the immature one. He would often make jokes about my age as if it was my fault that I was younger than him. I would lock myself in my bedroom and not see or talk to anybody for days at a time. Eventually, I realized David was not worth all this pain and moved on with my life but the scars will always be with me. For me to learn to trust again has been the hardest issue of all. I had all the trust in the world in David and he let me down. Everything he said to me was a lie. When he said he loved me, I believed him. When he said he would never leave me, I thought he really meant it. I find it difficult to be in other relationships because I am constantly wondering if they are being truthful. I broke up with my last boyfriend because he claimed he loved me and I felt like I barely knew him. I have come to the conclusion that I am scared to trust because I am scared of love. I do not want to get hurt again, so I keep my distance from anything that could cause me pain or disappointment. Love has caused me to hurt my parents, and my self-esteem and ability to trust people. I have heard people say love is the best feeling in the world. I think I will just take their word and not chance it right now. I still have a lot of healing to do before I am fully ready to commit myself to anyone else. Jenny Hobby English 101 12:00-12:50 Foolish Love February 4, 1999

Vocational Rehabilitation has a good effect on job placement for Research Proposal

Vocational Rehabilitation has a good effect on job placement for substance abuse people - Research Proposal Example It has been observed that the total number of vocational institutions currently prevailing in our society are comparatively insufficient as compared to the demand of the economy and the world’s population. Just focusing on enhancing the enrolment in technical institutes is not enough. It is very important to give them the jobs they deserve in order to earn their living. Presently, prevailing vocational centers have now started focusing on enhancing vocational competence of the population and workforce and providing them quality training which matches the needs of the economy and different firms operating in the economy. These vocational institutions provide degree for various subjects including computers, communication, business, art & design and many more. Establishment of these training institutions apart from providing advantages to substance abuse people, has also reduced poverty and street begging to some extent. Throughout the world it is extremely difficult to estimate the total number of street beggars including children, women, disabled people and others. Many of these people engage in other activities like collecting garbage from dumps etc. These people in society deserve some assistance which is being provided by such centers.

Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the Essay

Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the medieval city after the Christian conquest of 1085 - Essay Example This paper not only concentrates on the physical patterns that underwent changes during the transitional period, but also focuses on the several changes which cast their strong influences in human psyche of this place. It talks about the history of the city itself, the quintessential aspects of its transformation through the centuries, the effect of repopulation of the al-Andalusia region during the long years of the Reconquista and the people representing a large melting pot of various cultures and creeds, namely Christians, the Muslims and the Jewish minorities, who inhabited the city. The city being one of the most happening centers of physical, religious and cultural transformation has been the interest of a large number of archaeologists and historians, who tried to bring out the subtle tones of color representing the gradual change in the nature of the city, the outlook of the people and their social standing with respect to each other. This is a fact that these changes effected over a long period of time throughout the reign of Alfonso VI and continuing aftermath slowly imparted the final tones of color to the city whose traces can be linked even today. If we retrospect the entire history of medieval Spain and not just the city of Toledo, which was an integral part of the al-Andalus governed by the Islamic supremacy and the Berber regimes of Almohads and Almoravids, we would procure a tale of both oppression and tolerance throughout the entire period of change from the Islamic supremacy to Christian power. The chronicles that record this transformation also s peaks of the slow change in the lives of the people, the Christians and the Muslims along with the minorities, mostly the Jews, because reshaping of the city was also brought about by the changes in the religious and social scenario. It led to the mingling of different ritualistic practices among the Spanish population. This paper will focus on the Spanish mediaeval history when all these transformations took place giving birth to a multicultural milieu of Toledo. Reshaping Toledo is the main subject of this paper. Throughout the discussion, we shall try to examine in what sense the city was reshaped. There are different schools of thought who have said different things on whether the Muslim era in Toledo had its serious effect. This paper will also throw some light on whether the Christian era after Reconquest in the city was able to bring valuable changes to the city scenario. Regaining the power over Spanish states was a great achievement for the Christians, but our discussion wi ll try to evaluate this reign's actual influences on the physical, religious and symbolic aspects of Toledo. It might be noted that Medieval Spain went through several torments as the Christians showed up a constant fight to clinch power from the hand of Muslims. The Spanish battlefield remained a happening place throughout the medieval era and the crusade started at the point when the Muslims had their control almost all through the Western Europe. European continent was ruled by the Muslims from the beginning of the 8th century and they continued spreading until hindered by the exploits of Charles the Hammer. Defeat of the Muslim power in the Pyrenees resulted in their settlement in the

Corporate social responsiveness analysis

Corporate social responsiveness analysis Corporate social responsiveness refers to how business organizations and their agents actively interact with and manage their environments. In contrast, corporate social responsibility accentuates the moral obligations that business has to society. Responsiveness and responsibility can be viewed as a balance in that responsiveness can be shaped or triggered by public expectations of business responsibilities. Generally speaking, these responsibilities implied by the term of the social contract, which legitimises business as an institution with the expectation that it provides a service whilst adhering to societys laws and ethical norms. From this perspective, businesses are in a dynamic relationship with society of which responsiveness is a key aspect. More broadly, there is the issue of why business should bother. After all, as neoclassical economists have long argued, business owes abstractions such as society nothing-shareholders are the owners of business and it is the organizations obligation to do everything legal and legitimate to advance shareholder value, not waste it on well-meaning but irrelevant CSR projects. On the other hand, the stakeholder model of the firm would insist that shareholders are only one set of stakeholders and that there are plenty of other significant stakeholders, including customers; non-governmental organisations (NGOs); and communities more generally; as well as activist groups claiming to articulate the interests of the environment and climate change and other silent stakeholders. If businesses serve only shareholder value interests in the short term and do so in such a way that jeopardises other stakeholder interests, this can have an adverse impact on the business by attacking its legitimacy or reputation. It may well be that in standard business practice that the primary responsibility of companies is to create wealth for their shareholders. The emergence of CSR and activists associated with it however adds another dimension, in order for companies to do well financially; they must also be good, ethically, by acting virtuously. Civil society organisations have increased the energy they devote to directly lobbying and exposing the malpractice of companies, which has helped to change consumer preferences and citizens attitudes towards human rights, the environment, and exploitative relationships. This paper has been divided into several headings. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the state of corporate social responsibility at multinational corporations (MNCs), using the examples of Shell and Emirates Airlines. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility at MNCs There have been increasing demands on multinational enterprises (MNCs) to provide community development programmes and assistance to their host communities, particularly, in developing countries. In other words, meeting locally defined social and economic goals. This is mainly because developmental projects and other social infrastructures are lacking in most of these countries and most of all the time that are not provided by the government. For example, oil companies, particularly, those operating in developing countries are now constantly under pressure to be more open and accountable for a wide range of actions, and to report publicly on their performance in the social and environmental arenas. Because of their impact on politics, economics and society in host nations, they must be more attentive that others in demonstrating social responsibility through initiatives to reduce their negative impact. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) mention that MNEs need to take account of the social, ethical and environmental perceptions of their operations and how these are likely to shape the future attitudes and actions of stakeholders. Following this argument, oil companies attach greater importance to their social and environmental impact and they engage more with local communities that they used to do in the past. Various community and environmental initiatives may be seen as a response to the threat of stakeholder sanctions (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). The purpose of the report is top discuss the state of corporate social responsibility at multinational corporations (MNCs) using the examples of Shell and Emirates Airlines in a comprehensive way. First the paper will start with a brief on each of these companies. Secondly it will go on to the Stakeholder Salience model and the Stakeholder Power Interest matrix followed by a basic chart illustrating stakeholder dynamics for both companies. The third section will focus on Corporate Social Responsibility at Shell and Emirates Airlines and Shell Oil and Emirates Airlines Launched in 1985 in Dubai with just two leased planes, the global air giant Emirates Airlines now consists of a fleet of over 120 planes and approximately 44,000 employees. The privately owned Emirates Airlines group consists of Emirates Airlines and a number of subsidiary companies including Emirates Airlines Holidays Limited. Emirates Airlines is one of the worlds leading airlines with a network that provides passenger and freight services to 149 destinations in 72 countries. Shells head office is based in The Hague, Netherlands and the parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc, incorporated in England and Wales. Shell currently operates in over 100 countries and employs 102,000 staff worldwide. Shell produces 2% of the worlds oil supplies and 3% of the worlds gas supplies. Shell Stakeholder Power Interest Matrix LOW INTEREST / LOW POWER Sub-contractors HIGH INTEREST / LOW POWER Country Leaders (if corrupt) Employees Proximate Communities Future Generations Community Initiatives LOW INTEREST / HIGH POWER Government Suppliers / Supply Chain Customers Shipping Industries Oil Reserve Companies HIGH INTEREST / HIGH POWER Price Governing Bodies Shareholders Competitors Petrol Price Governance Environment Lobbying Groups Legal Representation Companies Marketing Web Design Emirates Stakeholder Power Interest Matrix LOW INTEREST / LOW POWER Government (as privately owned) Future Generations Price Governing Bodies Sub-contractors Community Initiatives HIGH INTEREST / LOW POWER Employees Proximate Communities LOW INTEREST / HIGH POWER Suppliers / Supply Chain Customers Air Space Control HIGH INTEREST / HIGH POWER Shareholders Competitors Petrol Price Governance Environment Lobbying Groups Legal Representation Companies Marketing Web Design Corporate Social Responsibility at Shell and Emirates Airlines Shell Canada attempts to make all levels of management and corporate governance aware of these guiding Business Principles through strong Lines of communication between all organizational levels for the management of health, safety, environmental and social responsibility and must also consider having regard to the legal industry and community standards in those areas (Cannon, 1992). In Shell Canadas reports are regarded as their commitment to SD, and SD is used as an overarching corporate goal, alongside growth and profitability, each essential to delivering long-term value to their shareholders. The companys reports are part of its commitment to two guiding principles, transparency and stakeholder engagement, which attempts to strengthen the linkages between its conduct, and societys expectations. (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Furthermore, decline in economic and social development in host communities due to neglect and lack of development initiatives from host governments, has sparked a global debate about the social responsibility of corporations. According to experts, stakeholders increasingly are looking to the private sector for help with a myriad of complex and pressing social and economic issues (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Similarly, it has been argued that it is good business to actively engage all stakeholders in the development of sustainable strategies that reflect both economic and socially responsible outcomes (Eweje, 2001). Emirates mission is to deliver services that matter to people who value how they fly. To realise this, Emirates Airlines recognises the importance of working in partnership with its stakeholders. This has influenced its approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Its approach has also been influenced by the recognition that airlines generate major social and economic benefits, but also have significant impacts on the environment (for example, through noise and air quality) and on communities around airports. (needs referencing) There are several reasons why Emirates Airlines chose to engage in CSR. The first is because it is a tool to help achieve the companys long term strategic goals in providing growth opportunities around Heathrow airport. Secondly, improving business efficiency and reducing costs through waste and energy programmes provided a strong business case for CSR (Frynas, 2005). The company also thought CSR could help them with risk management by identifying risks to health, safety and environment that could hinder its opportunity to attract investors and grow the business. Lastly, it recognised that it needed to act to enhance its corporate reputation, and customer feedback (both corporate and from the general public) revealed that they expected Emirates Airlines to do the right thing. (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Climate change is increasingly relevant to Emirates Airlines as aviation is a growing contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, a main greenhouse gas, and consequently to climate change. The increase in emissions-stimulated by a rise in a passenger and freight travel-coincides with many politicians and civil society groups calling for industry to reduce carbon emissions. this presented a problem for Emirates Airlines, especially when it seeks to be a leading player in the industry for environmental issues (Eweje, 2001). In response to this Emirates Airlines board decided to develop a programme of work on climate change. The programme first sough to identify ways in which the company could reduce its own impacts. By auditing its emissions and energy use, targets for reduction in these areas were developed-for example, a fuel efficiency target of a 30% improvement between 1990 and 2010. To date this represents a saving of 50m tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Eweje, 2001). Emirates Airlines set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over five years (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). One inhibiting factor has been the increase in fuel surcharges, which may have made passengers less interested in paying for other additional costs (Frynas, 2005). Emirates Airlines has attempted to deal with these challenges by improving understanding of the issues, proactively leading and stimulating the debate through direct advocacy with government and participation at various fora (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Feedback from government and from experts on the environment has revealed that the climate change programme has positioned Emirates Airlines as a responsible airline. By becoming more involved in the debate, it has been able to steer that debate towards (in its view) the most sensible proposal of emission trading, rather than other interventions that could be expensive for the industry. In this way Emirates Airlines has been better able to manage its risks. The investment community has acknowledged this, and because of this it has enable Emirates Airlines to attract investment. A final benefit has been that, owing to its and other companies attitudes to environmental sustainability, there is a genuine prospect of expansion at Heathrow airport offering new opportunities for growth to Emirates Airlines (Warhust and Mitchell, 2000). The climate change programme is CSR because it is about taking actions to reduce its impact on the environment. Growing threat to the environment and to societies everywhere. Emirates Airlines actions on climate change go beyond compliance demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change (Eweje, 2001). Emirates Airlines wishes to maintain its industry leadership position by continuing to develop policy and advocacy for cost effective instruments that benefit the environment. As part of this, it seeks to improve its customer engagement on climate change, to raise awareness and communicate Emirates Airlines work in the area. It will further develop its ground energy strategy to include actions to further reduce its internal impacts, for example, improving energy efficiency in its maintenance hangers. Lastly, it is continuing to develop and seek improvements in meeting its fuel efficiency target with a view to settting a new target for 2010 onwards. In Nigeria today, the most critical issue that affects the oil and gas is the Niger Delta (oil-producing region). There has been enormous pressure on both the Nigerian government and the MNCs to double their efforts and develop the region that contributes more that 80 per cent of Nigeria foreign earnings. Experts such as Carson, 1993 argue that oil companies have initiated, and implemented significant community development schemes. For example, MNCs provide education, scholarships, and build roads in Nigeria. He also suggests that global spending by oil, gas and mining companies on community development programmes in 2001 was over 500 million dollars (Carson, 1993). It could be argued that in economic terms, these are not the functions of businesses, but in less developed countries these roles, or rather duties, are expected from MNCS. Indeed, there have been times when local people in oil-producing regions have turned against MNEs precisely because they feel, as Mitte the president of Movement of the survival of the Ogoni people. One of the communities in the Niger Delta put it: they were not getting enough social and economic infrastructures/assistance from the MNEs that operate in their communities (Carson, 1993). Regrettably, the lack of visible and positive impact of CSR initiatives in oil-producing communities has been questioned. Evidence suggests that there is a gap between the MNCs stated CSR objectives and the actual results on the ground. What follows is the criticism of the community development initiatives of the companies because the host communities believe that MNCs CSR initiatives are not addressing both the social and environmental problems they are intended to resolve (Cannon, 1992). This assertion is somewhat similar to the argument of experts who suggest that numerous claims have been made about the contribution CSR can make to poverty alleviation and other development goals (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). They further argue that contributes to this issue have reached the conclusion that currect CSR approaches do not warrant such claims. MNCs CSR initiatives in the Niger Delta have many aspects which include employment issues, environmental issues and local community issues (Cannon, 1992). MNCs CSR Initiatives in the Niger Delta In Nigeria, Charges of unethical behaviours include: total neglect of the Niger Delta (oil-producing areas in Nigeria) and lack of educational facilities such as classroom, teachers, and scholarships which will enhance the literacy development of the indigenes of the communities (Culverwell, Lee and Koziell, 2003). Over the years, the oil exploration and producing companies witnessed endless communal agitation, as the host communities have looked up to them for support and assistance in the provision of social and economic infrastructure and employment The poorests parts of Nigeria are where these oil companies are, and this has heightened conflict (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). Recourse to violence has resulted in a lot of damage to property and casualties on both sides. In some instances, it has resulted in the withdrawal of operations by oil companies form some locations. While planned seismic and drilling activities have been abandoned in others (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). In the past, the oil companies approach was to help or appease the communities whenever the need arose. More recently, however, they have established a more proactive and thoughtful approach to community assistance. This has resulted in the emergence of a fully developed community relations department in each of the companies, solely set up to anticipate and plan the needs of the communities (Miles, Munilla and Darroch, 2006). The Nigerian Petroleum News, 1998, who understand better their own real needs and future aspirations. During interviews with senior managers of oil companies in Nigeria, it was confirmed that community relations departments were created solely to meet local needs and situational politics. The argument here supports the theoretical position of experts who argue that corporations tend to listen to the demand of powerful stakeholder groups. In this case, the MNCs listen carefully to the demands of host communities and changed their approach towards them. The host communities also demand social welfare projects from the MNCs. In many developing countries, national and local governments have taken a more hands- off approach (Frynas, 2005) to regulating business due to such things as changing policies, the globalisation of commerce and shrinking resources. Against this background, companies are relying less on government for guidance, and instead they are pursuing their own policies with regard to such matters as environmental performance, working conditions and ethical marketing practices. This approach can be problematic. The secretary of the chiefs council of the oil-producing village of Bonny in the Niger Delta accused the oil companies of: Apartheid in its residential areas where all the state of the art welfare facilities including good water, constant electricity, good roads, super markets, schools with high-tech equipment, swimming pools and other facilities were in existence while the people of Bonny, the host community suffer absolute squalor and neglect (Frynas, 2005). This is one example of a charge of double standard brought against multinationals in developing countries. The host communities believe they should have the same facilities that are on offer to the companies workers since the bulk of profits of the MNEs comes from their land. As one observer pointed out: Communities in the Delta area in particular, where most of the exploration and production activities take place, feel generally ill-treated in the entire process of oil prospecting and production and consider themselves as being at the end of only the adverse effects of these activities (Frynas, 2005). They believe that they have not received an equitable share of the tremendous oil revenues which are being derived from their land and territories, especially in the light of disruptive consequences on their health and sources of livelihood. Nor have they been recognised as the inhabitants of oil-producing areas who should benefit from the natural resource that abounds in their ancestral lands. Trust and Discontent Issue It is argued in this paper that issue of trust plays a significant role in the relationship between the host communities in the Niger Delta and the MNCs. The past behaviour of MNCs for unfulfilling promises to the host communities has created a negative perception and mistrust. Hence, any CSR initiative no matter how laudable it is, does not always receive positive reaction in host communities. According to experts, managers can find a wealth of benefits from trust, including cost savings and enhanced organisational capacities. According to these researchers, what is evident is that the willingness of managers to create mutually trusting relationships is a matter of strategic choice. In other words, managers can, through their behaviour, help determine levels of trust in relationships between their firm and its various stakeholders. Trust is thus define as an integral part of the strategy formulation process (Warhust and Mitchell, 2000). High figures suggests that the Nigerian government rakes billions of US dollars in form of revenue from the oil industry. However, the host communities in the Niger Delta are neglected; corruption and mismanagement is rife amongst officials hence some projects earmarked for the development of the region are never completed (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Charges of unethical behaviour include: total neglect of the Niger Delta and lack of educational facilities such as classrooms, teachers, and scholarships which will enhance the literacy development of the indigenes of the communities. Over the years, the oil exploration and producing companies have borne the brunt of endless communal agitation, as the host communities have looked up to them for support and assistance in the provision of social and economic and infrastructure and employment. The host communities believe they should have the same facilties that are on offer to the companies workers since the bulk of profits of the MNEs come from their land. On the issue of electrification of the communities, the companies are accused of neglecting the areas where they work by only providing electricity to their installations. The communities do not benefit from the same developments that the companies undertake for their installations and workers (Warhurst and Mitchell, 2000). Conclusion In short, the paper presents the examples of two multinational corporations and their responsiveness towards corporate social responsibility. The main points of the paper can be summarised that corporate social responsiveness, corporate social responsibility, and corporate social impacts are encapsulated in the phrase corporate social performance. Of these three concepts, responsiveness is the most forward looking, action-oriented, and malleable, since it is based on the precept that corporations have the capacity to anticipation and adapt to environmental factors. The potential is that corporate managers can learn to prevent or minimize the kind of unwelcome surprises that necessitate crisis management and government intervention while responding proactively to public expectations of how business can serve the greater good.

Views of Slavery and Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreaus Work

Views of Slavery and Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau's Works Two men, similar in their transcendentalist beliefs and yet so different in their methods of expressing their beliefs on handling the issues of society, were major voices in the anti-slavery movement. While their focuses are more on the subjects of morality and individual choice, they still reflect on how slavery should be addressed by the American people, American referring to the free whites who actually make the decisions. Ralph Waldo Emerson is highly regarded for his views on Transcendentalism during what some of deemed the â€Å"American Renaissance.† Emerson establishes his place in history by expressing his liberal agenda through his beliefs that truth is based on intuition and law should be based on individual reflection. He believes that the only way one could truly learn about life is by ignoring knowledge from outside sources and relying on one’s internal voice; he incorporates this belief into the convincing rhetoric of â€Å"Last of the Anti-Slavery L ectures.† While Emerson asserts his views on self reliance, he is really trying to sway the views of his audience. This makes us ask the question: Is he really right, or is he only convincing us that he is right? Henry David Thoreau, however, serves as both a complement and a foil for Emerson; while he also expresses his transcendental beliefs, he converges on a split between these beliefs and reason. He articulates his ideas in â€Å"Slavery in Massachusetts,† a piece that illustrates how Thoreau separates himself from his own state because of his â€Å"contempt for her courts† (1991). While some would argue that Thoreau is somewhat of a better writer than Emerson, it cannot be denied that one cannot reach... ...ety. He strengthens his views with his inclusion of images of nature and his comparative analysis of the beauty of nature with the good of society. Both men support transcendental views that complement each other’s beliefs. While their paths to the solution differ, the resolution that slavery is an unscrupulous product of an immoral society unites their views. Works Cited Cadava, Eduardo. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism 98 (2001): 38-54. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. "Last of the Anti-Slavery Lectures." Ed. Baym, Nina. The Norton Anthology American Literature 6th ed., Vol A. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. 1207-1216 Eulau, Heinz. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism 21 (1989): 329-332. Hyman, Stanley Edgar. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism 7 (1984): 384-388. Thoreau, Henry David. â€Å"Slavery in Massachusetts.† Baym 1982-1992.

Gatto Against the School Critique Essay

What is boredom? According to John Taylor Gatto, boredom is ruining the modern day society’s schooling. Gatto is convinced that we ourselves is to blame for boredom, and believes everyone should be able to entertain themselves. â€Å"How public education cripples our kids, and why†, written by John Taylor Gatto, is papered with evidences. Even though the literal beauty does not exist in the essay, he starts out blocking all the possible arguments that could be created in the first place by placing evidences in his essay everywhere, unable to criticize on his content, reflection and analysis. Such small concept such as boredom is ruining modern day schooling, according to Gatto. He starts off by how boredom overpowered the teachers and the students. Teachers are tired of students who are unwilling to learn, and students believe that teachers are unenthusiastic to teach. But Gatto believes that, mainly because he was influenced by his grandfather, that state of boredom has to be blamed on oneself, not others. And people who cannot handle the boredom are childish adults. This means that the way school is set up is already wrong. Unmotivated teacher and students in the school means failure to teach, meaning the function of the school is gone. â€Å"If we wanted to we could easily and inexpensively jettison the old, stupid structures and help kids take an education rather than merely receive a schooling †¦ But we don’t do that.† He denounces the current system, and also knows what is needed to be done. It’s true. Many of the teachers are not motivated to teach; it seems that they are waiting for their payday. Students are not motivated also – countless repeats of same concept, set academics – it seems even weird to be motivated. Gatto only uses logic to persuade the audience. All the evidence seems logical, and it seems morally right. Then he asks, â€Å"Do we really need school? I don’t mean education, just forced schooling: six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year, for twelve years.† This question is actually frequently on topic. The questions are asked by different students every day, and even though it might seem like a legitimate question, He uses this question rhetorically to set up more evidences that shutdowns the argument of his opposite sides. He uses the Greats as an example, such as Twain, Carnegie, Rockefeller and Edison, who never went to high school. And right before, he uses Washington, Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln, who were never part of the school system to prove his argument once again. Then he repeats, in different words, â€Å"What is the purpose of our public school?† And the answer was to become a good citizen, good people, and to be at one’s personal best, according to the cultural traditions. But the school system has been criticized so much by the scholars back in the days. Their argument is that the system of school’s originality is from Prussia, and adopted one of the worst aspects of Prussian culture: â€Å"an educational system deliberately designed to produce mediocre intellects, to hamstring the inner life, to deny students appreciable leadership skills, and to ensure docile and incomplete citizens – all in order to render the populace â€Å"manageable.† This is an extremely controversial statement, but looking at the current society, people are busy feeding themselves more than fighting for what is right or sharing their own opinion about whatever. Then he quotes Inglis, a quite well-known Harvard Professor, claiming â€Å"the purpose of modern schooling is divided six basic functions.† â€Å"1. Adaptive Function – destroys the idea that useful or interesting material should be taught. 2. Integrating function – makes all the children alike as possible. 3. Diagnostic and directive function – determines each student’s proper social role by keeping a cumulative records. 4. Differentiating function – sorted by records and trained to their social role. 5. Selective function – favoritism, even if not meant. 6. Propaedeutic function – always cared, never stood alone.† According to Inglis and Gatto, this is how the school system works right now. The cultural tradition has been completely erased from the school mind, and Gatto uses perfect quote from Inglis to prove it. Even though some might argue that quote of Inglis might not be true, but it is from an influential and popular Harvard Professor, meaning it definitely has values to be looked at. Gatto does not leave space for any weak evidence in his essay. All the evidences and analysis are agreeable, even to people who does not understand completely because everything is logical. All of his evidences can be understood by knowing how the society is currently. At the end of the essay, he describes how people live on. He describes us as â€Å"trained to be employees and consumers,† which is true, in a society dream is only a dream and reality is reality. Overall, Gatto wrote an unarguable essay, and if so someone argues against Gatto, that someone will not have many supporters to breakdown the impact that Gatto left in his essay. Gatto, John Taylor. â€Å"Against School.† Harper’s Sept. 2003: 33-38. Print.

The Constitution Heart Of A Governing Body - 2969 Words

The Constitution: Heart of a Governing Body What makes politics so important to the United States? When hearing the word â€Å"politics†, the president and first family are generally what comes to mind. Of course the president plays an important role but there are lots of other key factors that contribute to politics. There are three branches of government, each with its own special and specific role. The legislative branch writes and creates laws, the judicial branch judge’s laws and the executive branch enforces these laws. The president belongs to the executive branch and plays several different roles in office. The constitution plays a very prominent role in politics as well. Government officials are abide by and uphold the constitution and†¦show more content†¦The loving hearts in people will start to hurt because of the way things are set up and functioning in the United States. In the field of politics, the constitution essentially serves as a guideline or code of conduct for government officials. Over time many modifications have been made that differ from the constitutional founders’ intent. Both Democratic and Republican parties are said to be the blame for this due to their difference in beliefs and values. At length, 225 years ago, on September 17, 1787, the delegates of the Constitutional Convention signed their names to the final draft of the United States Constitution. Less than a year later, on June 21, 1788, when New Hampshire became the 9th state to ratify it, it became, as it states in its own Article VI, the supreme law of the land. All these years later, few of us realize how cantankerous the arguments were that brought this document into being. This country was founded on the articles of confederation which was ratified in 1781. A first for a nation, it served as a charter. By those articles, the thirteen British colonies referred to themselves as â€Å"states† to signify their autonomy and bound themselves into a Union with one another. The main topic of discussion became the lack of a strong central. With no central authority the confederation could not function properly. Leading to a huge meeting at the Pennsylvania Statehouse in Philadelphia. In the hot summer of 1787, delegates from all of the states The Constitution Heart Of A Governing Body - 2969 Words The Constitution: Heart of a Governing Body What makes politics so important to the United States? When hearing the word â€Å"politics†, the president and first family are generally what comes to mind. Of course the president plays an important role but there are lots of other key factors that contribute to politics. There are three branches of government, each with its own special and specific role. The legislative branch writes and creates laws, the judicial branch judge’s laws and the executive branch enforces these laws. The president belongs to the executive branch and plays several different roles in office. The constitution plays a very prominent role in politics as well. Government officials are abide by and uphold the constitution and†¦show more content†¦The loving hearts in people will start to hurt because of the way things are set up and functioning in the United States. In the field of politics, the constitution essentially serves as a guideline or code of conduct for government officials. Over time many modifications have been made that differ from the constitutional founders’ intent. Both Democratic and Republican parties are said to be the blame for this due to their difference in beliefs and values. At length, 225 years ago, on September 17, 1787, the delegates of the Constitutional Convention signed their names to the final draft of the United States Constitution. Less than a year later, on June 21, 1788, when New Hampshire became the 9th state to ratify it, it became, as it states in its own Article VI, the supreme law of the land. All these years later, few of us realize how cantankerous the arguments were that brought this document into being. This country was founded on the articles of confederation which was ratified in 1781. A first for a nation, it served as a charter. By those articles, the thirteen British colonies referred to themselves as â€Å"states† to signify their autonomy and bound themselves into a Union with one another. The main topic of discussion became the lack of a strong central. With no central authority the confederation could not function properly. Leading to a huge meeting at the Pennsylvania Statehouse in Philadelphia. In the hot summer of 1787, delegates from all of the states